Carbohydrates are the body’s primary source of energy. Simple, complex, and dietary fiber: classification, glycemic index, and role in functional supplements.

Proteins are essential macronutrients composed of amino acids. Biological functions, dietary requirements, food sources, and forms found in supplements for sports, wellness, and health.

Antioxidants are molecules that counteract free radicals and oxidative stress. Classification, mechanisms, dietary sources, and key ingredients in supplements.

Bioavailability is the proportion of an active ingredient that enters the bloodstream. Factors, a comparison of chemical forms, and their impact on ingredient selection in dietary supplements.

Vitamin D regulates calcium, bone, immunity, and muscle. D3 vs D2, synergy with Magnesium and Vitamin K2, EFSA approved claims and Ministry of Health limits.

Coenzyme Q10 is essential for ATP production and antioxidant protection. Ubiquinone vs ubiquinol, bioavailability, statins, and applications in longevity formulations.

Vitamin C is essential for immunity, Collagen synthesis, and antioxidant protection. Available forms, EFSA claims, bioavailability, and differences between ascorbic and liposomal acid.

Omega-3s are essential fatty acids with solid evidence on cardiovascular health, brain function, and inflammation. EPA, DHA, ALA: sources, molecular forms, and EFSA claims.

Omega-7 is a monounsaturated fatty acid found in sea buckthorn. It supports skin and mucosal integrity, with particular relevance to menopausal women.

Amino Acids are the constituent units of Protein. EAAs, BCAAs, conditionally essential: biological functions, PDCAAS, DIAAS, and forms for formulation.