Carbohydrates are the body’s primary source of energy. Simple, complex, and dietary fiber: classification, glycemic index, and role in functional supplements.

Postbiotics are preparations of inanimate microorganisms and their components with documented beneficial effects. Butyrate, SCFA, lysates: classes, mechanisms, and applications.

Prebiotics and Fiber selectively feed beneficial bacteria in the Gut Microbiota. Inulin, FOS, GOS, Beta-glucan: types, mechanism of action, and EFSA claims.

Probiotics are live microorganisms that promote the balance of the intestinal microbiota. Genera, major strains, mechanism of action, and forms for formulation.